13 10 490 https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/7a3749d3e71a5744c7495930b31cdff0.gif 979b02afa8cafcbeee36e25a341765ab People An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 1895 Birthplace Lithuania Death Date 07/28/1932 Occupation Military Activist Biographical Text Hushka was born in Lithuania and moved to the United States at some point before World War I, settling in Missouri. When war broke out, he sold his butcher shop, leaving the money with his wife while he joined the Army. At that time became a citizen of the United States. After the war he had trouble keeping a job, and his wife divorced him. High unemployment rates due to the Great Depression motivated World War I veterans to press for their pension payments. The Bonus March was a protest and occupation of the National Mall by nearly 43,000 demonstrators. Some camped on the Mall or nearby, while others occupied government-owned buildings near the Mall. On July 28, 1932, Attorney General William D. Mitchell ordered the protesters be removed from the Mall. Resistance to police pressure led to an outbreak of violence. Many were injured, but Hushka was killed and Eric Carlson mortally wounded. When the police proved unable to evict the marchers, Army Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur brought soldiers onto the Mall, supported by six tanks, to remove the remaining demonstrators and burn their shelters and belongings. First Name for nav purposes William Last Name for nav purposes Hushka Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Hushka Description An account of the resource William Hushka, an immigrant from Lithuania, was a World War I US Army veteran who joined the 1932 <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/169">Bonus Marchers</a> in their campaign to secure early payment of veterans' pensions from the government. Along with fellow veteran and marcher <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/434">Eric Carlson</a>, Hushka was shot and killed by <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/106">police</a> as they were trying to evict the Bonus Marchers from their encampment in Washington. He was buried with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery less than a week after being shot. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/96500547/">View original photograph</a>. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1830-1859 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource William Hushka neighborhood politics & protest https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/630f00843c3107769b7b8dd05f2d9cae.jpg a74e8415d7813ec4aabd5ee233ab6fed People An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 1816 Birthplace Washington, DC Death Date 1838 Occupation Museum administrator Biographical Text The Columbia Institute was a Washington, DC intellectual society. Founded by Dr. Edward Cutbush in 1816, the main goals of the institute were scientific discovery, historical research, and preservation. Members included many notable Washingtonians, such as senator and President of the United States John Quincy Adams, architects William Thornton, <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/80">Benjamin Henry Latrobe</a> and <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/108">James Hoban</a>, and journalist Samuel Harrison Smith. Last Name for nav purposes Columbian Institute Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Columbian Institute Description An account of the resource The <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/385">Columbian Institute</a> was a Washington organization dedicated to the promotion of the arts and sciences for the benefit of the nation. In 1820, two years after their official charter was approved by Congress, the Institute was granted five acres of land on the Mall to create a botanic garden, just west of the Capitol grounds. The plans to follow the garden with a museum and library, described in this article, were never realized. The botanic garden was abandoned by the late 1830s as the organization slowly dissolved. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Medical Heritage Library via the Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/2548036R.nlm.nih.gov">View original document</a>. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 06/28/1816 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1800-1829 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Columbian Institute museums work & play https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/f1758931b91c3e4f4f9c191a6e5e0b3b.jpg f36893e8a92b8d8b295f2a8732bef0e2 Place Important spaces on the mall (See the "Places" writeboard in basecamp.) Physical Description Text describing the appearance of the place and its situation on the Mall. Marble, single story building with a square floor plan. Location The location of the interview. Independence Avenue, between 15th and 17th Streets NW on the Washington Monument grounds. Type The nature or genre of the resource Monuments Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Survey Lodge Description An account of the resource Located on the grounds of the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/36">Washington Monument</a>, the Survey Lodge was originally a boiler and steam house for the machinery necessary to power the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/502">Washington Monument's elevator</a>. It was constructed of leftover marble and granite from the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/281">construction of the Washington Monument</a>. Today, the site is a National Park Service Ranger Station. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource William Bradley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1886 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1860-1889 building the mall design & monuments work & play https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/2fcbf2a18c112ec2c868ade6b48d5f18.jpg 1c8b400fe1947f20b64eb799988b0558 Place Important spaces on the mall (See the "Places" writeboard in basecamp.) Physical Description Text describing the appearance of the place and its situation on the Mall. A small one story building made of marble, ashlar, and cinderblock. Location The location of the interview. 480 feet east of the Washington Monument on the Monument grounds. Type The nature or genre of the resource Monuments Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Memorial Lodge Description An account of the resource Memorial Lodge is a small, flat-roofed, one-story building less than 500 feet east of the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/36">Washington Monument</a>. It serves as an information station where tickets can be retrieved to visit the top of the Washington Monument. Originally constructed in 1888, the building has seen three redesigns and expansions in 1931, 1942, and 1963. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Poindexter and Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1888 (built) 1931 (remodeled) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1860-1889 1920-1949 design & monuments https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/87de42683c0d6d4d1a71790467738e7b.jpg d7d20e610669884e093471f36d771766 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data photo Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Navy Department, World War I Description An account of the resource For more than five decades, the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/57">Main Navy and Munitions Buildings </a>dominated the scenery along <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/311">Constitution Avenue</a> for a third of a mile west of the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/36">Washington Monument</a>. Erected in 1918 as "temporary" office buildings to support the vastly expanded World War I military, more than 14,000 military and civilian personnel worked there. Clacking typewriters, ringing as workers returned the carriage to start new lines of text, and jangling telephones echoed in the community work space. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource US Department of the Navy Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Naval Historical Center, Washington, DC . <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-52000/NH-52901.html">View original</a>. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1918 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1890-1919 everyday life military history work & play https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/671243b45f9507a9da41a7906bdaf285.jpg f66c1cea0609187fa504765196f5d97c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Plan of the west end of the public appropriation in the city of Washington, called the Mall : as proposed to be arranged for the site of the university Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Latrobe Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 USA http://www.loc.gov/item/88690937 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1816 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data map Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 32 x 47 centimeters Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Plan of the west end Description An account of the resource <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/80">Benjamin Latrobe</a> drew a plan for the layout of a national university on the Mall while he was Surveyor to the Capitol building. He may have been inspired to do so by President James Madison's mention of the idea of creating a national university in his December 1815 address to Congress, but the idea was first put forth by <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/152">George Washington</a> in the 1790s. Latrobe had even spoken with Washington on the subject in 1796. The plan puts the university grounds just east of 15th street, partly standing on what today is the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/36">Washington Monument Grounds</a>. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Henry Latrobe Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/item/88690937">View original</a>. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1816 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1800-1829 design & monuments ghost mall https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/38f28e2272a3696361277d653b685117.jpg 8cb40281d7e047a7a97b40ed1fd1a84b Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. And there is a feature, before alluded to, which is calculated to soften the distance in great measure, viz: a complete connection between the gardens of the capitol and those of the President's house, somewhat as in the case of the Chambers of Deputies and the Tuilleries, at Paris. Every one who has gazed upon the landscape to be seen from the Western front of the capitol, must have observed the large tract of waste ground, between Pennsylvania and Maryland Avenues, extending from the front of the capitol to the Potomac, and terminating at a point opposite to the President's house. It is not generally known, even to the members of Congress, that this is the national mall - the very same ground which was to have formed the "grand avenue bordered with gardens, to lead to the monument of Washington, and connect the Congress garden with the President's park," by a suitable ornamental bridge, to be thrown over the Tiber, at its mouth. Until this is improved, the two section of the city, on different sides of the canal, will never look well, for the want of any appropriate connect; and not only this, but the capitol grounds must look half finished. Indeed, it is palpably absurd that, while thousands of dollars have been expended on the comparatively small space within the iron railing of the capitol, all beyond, comprising a fine view of the Potomac, and facilities for forming a serpentine river out of the Tiber, each has been left a mere cow-pasture; when a very small outlay in planting trees, and laying out walks and drives, would make it a second Champs-Elysees. At the President's house, the same kind of half-finished work is to be seen; the grounds, immediately under the windows of the mansions, being tastefully disposed, while the whole view in the distance is marred by the unsightly appearance of the low meadows, which extend to the river. There is now some prospect that what has been so long delayed by the indifference of Congress, will be, in part, accomplished indirectly, by the liberality of an individual. The proposed Smithsonian Institute is to be placed on the side of the mall, and its agricultural and botanical grounds are to be laid out in front. The erection of this will lead to the improvement of Maryland Avenue, a noble street, equal in size to the Pennsylvania, and connecting one gate of the capitol with the Potomac bridge, as the last-named connects the other gate with the President's house and Georgetown. We have been thus particular in dwelling upon this part of the plan, and the necessity for improving, because no one can go there without noticing the mall; but comparatively few, even of the members of Congress, are aware that it belongs to the government, or what the design of the architect was; and we consider it important to urge the necessity of at once taking some action with regard to its completion, as the only thing, at present, wanting to give a finish to the capitol grounds, and connect the villages forming the city. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Seat of Government of the United States Description An account of the resource Freeman Hunt wrote a series of articles for his Merchants' Magazine in the spring of 1848 describing the history and current state of the capital city, which was mostly undeveloped at the time. In the second installment of the series he wrote about the Mall. Although it looked like a <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/284">cow pasture</a>, Freeman felt that it would be relatively easy and inexpensive to make a space which would rival the avenues and parks of Europe. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Freeman Hunt Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review, volume 18. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4QcdAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA17&ots=EpUCcYMXyI&dq=merchants'%20magazine%20vol%20xviii&pg=PA149#v=onepage&q&f=false">View original</a>. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1848 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1830-1859 design & monuments https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/8c579057203b72829a783a5b4513e969.jpg dde12b2dbaeb671a91b71b963b3943f3 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Woodcut Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Women Workers Leaving the Treasury Department Description An account of the resource During the Civil War, the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/337">Department of the Treasury</a> hired women workers to fill clerical positions vacated by men who had left to fight with the Union Army. Until that time, clerking was strictly a male occupation. Believing women were particularly well-suited for repetitive, routine tasks, the Secretary of the Treasury assigned them to hand-cut paper money, usually printed in amounts of four bills per sheet. A Union officer observed that it was difficult to live on their salary of $600 a year because room and board cost about $50 per month. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harpers Weekly, February 18, 1865. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1865 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1860-1889 everyday life neighborhood work & play https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/d333ce3aa71741eb1b666eeaa4d53f59.jpg b8cfc1c4e124150dbe382962230d436d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A View of the Mall in St James's Park &c Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived British Museum Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1880,0911.944 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image. 17.4 x 27.3 centimeters Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A View of the Mall in St James's Park Description An account of the resource The Mall in London, which runs along the side of Saint James Park, was originally a playing field for King Charles II of England and his courtiers. They played pall-mall, a game similar to croquet. By the mid-1700s, it had become a tree-lined avenue where fashionable Londoners went to walk and socialize. This Mall, and others like it, helped inspire the design and name of the National Mall. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomas Bowles III (engraver) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The British Museum. <a href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3305894&partId=1">View original</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1753 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Pre-1800s design & monuments https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/8d54079211d5acd96ddb4c2d7468465a.jpg d0602f6eab76bc8d1f951720dcc7bd6a People An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 1829 Death Date 1906 Bibliography Solomon Brown was born into a free African American family in Washington, DC. His father died when he was still a young child, and by the time he was a teenager his family was homeless. At the age of 15, Brown found a job working for an assistant postmaster, helping with the<a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/176"> construction of the first telegraph lines</a> in the United States. Through this work he met <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/349">Joseph Henry</a>, a scientist who collaborated with Samuel Morse on the telegraph and who was later appointed first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In 1852, Brown started working at the Smithsonian as a general laborer, building exhibit cases, moving furniture, and doing other basic jobs around the building. While working, he taught himself to read and began to study the natural sciences, possibly with the encouragement of Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/150">Spencer Baird</a>. By 1869, Brown was a registrar for transportation of animal specimen. Brown was active in his local community, just across the Anacostia River from the museum where he worked. He helped run two Sunday schools, served as a trustee for his church, hosted picnics for the community, and represented his neighborhood in the District of Columbia House of Delegates from 1871 to 1874. Although he and his wife, Lucinda, had no children of their own, they welcomed nieces and nephews into their home. Brown wrote poetry, some of which was published in local African American newspapers. Brown worked at the Smithsonian Institution for 54 years. When he started, the Institution was housed in a single building, the Castle. Shortly before he retired in 1906, he attended the opening of the National Museum of Natural History. In 2004, a tree was planted near the Natural History Museum building in Brown's honor, inspired by a remark made by Brown lamenting the trees that were cut down so the museum could be built. First Name for nav purposes Solomon Last Name for nav purposes Brown Occupation Museum administrator Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Solomon Brown Description An account of the resource Solomon Brown was likely the first African American employee at the Smithsonian Institution. He began work there in 1852 as a maintenance worker, building exhibit cabinets, cleaning, and moving specimens. He advanced to serve as clerk to Secretary <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/150">Spencer Baird</a>, who relied on him to serve as his eyes and ears in the Smithsonian. During the Civil War, Brown kept Baird informed about possible Confederate attacks and the status of work in the Museum. He worked closely with Baird as a naturalist and became an illustrator, lecturer, and philosopher. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1830-1859 1860-1889 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Smithsonian Institution Archives. <a href="http://www.siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_5597?back=%2Fsearch%2Fsia_search_collections%2FSolomon%2520Brown">View original photograph</a>. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Solomon Brown civil rights design & monuments