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                <text>Washington Monument, canal, and baseball grounds</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper&lt;/em&gt;, December 12, 1874, via the Library of Congress. &lt;a&gt;View original&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>This illustration accompanied an article discussing &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/281"&gt;efforts to restart construction on the Washington Monument&lt;/a&gt;, with hopes to complete the monument by the national centennial in 1876. The point of view of the illustration is from the Mall's &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/319"&gt;baseball grounds&lt;/a&gt;, now the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/315"&gt;White House Ellipse&lt;/a&gt;. In between the baseball grounds and the monument is the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/41"&gt;Washington Canal&lt;/a&gt;, with sailboats and barges in it, possibly carrying goods to market in the city. The people in the illustration include wealthy white men as well as black and white laborers.</text>
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              <text>12/21/1896</text>
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              <text>09/09/1989</text>
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              <text>John McShain was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Irish immigrants. McShain's father owned a construction company, which McShain was forced to take over in 1919 when his father died. Under his management John McShain Building, Inc. rose to national prominence. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From the 1930s through the 1960s McShain's company worked on more than one hundred buildings in the Washington, DC area, including the Pentagon, the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/31"&gt;Jefferson Memorial&lt;/a&gt;, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the Library of Congress annex, Washington National Airport, and the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/437"&gt;reconstruction&lt;/a&gt; of the White House.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With his wife, Mary J. Horstmann, McShain purchased and renovated Kenmare House in Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland. In 1978, the couple sold the house to Ireland to be added to Killarney National Park, with reserve on the house and surrounding land for use during their lives. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</text>
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                <text>John McShain was a building contractor in charge of the construction of many federal buildings in Washington during the 1900s. On the Mall, he was responsible for building the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/31"&gt;Jefferson Memorial&lt;/a&gt; and was trusted with &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/437"&gt;remodeling&lt;/a&gt; the White House during Harry Truman's presidency. During his heyday as a builder, a common saying was that L'Enfant may have designed Washington, DC, but McShain was the man who built it. McShain's great volume of work led one radio broadcaster to quip in 1949 that signs in the city should be changed to "Welcome to Washington - John McShain, Builder."</text>
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                <text>Hagley Museum and Library. &lt;a href="http://cdm16038.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p268001coll4/id/10530/rec/2"&gt;View original photograph&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>1920-1949</text>
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              <text>20101030</text>
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                <text>Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear </text>
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                <text>On October 30, 2010, Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert led a rally on the National Mall. The event was a combination of Stewart’s “Rally to Restore Sanity” and Colbert’s “March to Keep Fear Alive”. The event drew 215,000 people and was thought to be a satire or spoof of events such as Glen Beck’s “Restoring Honor” rally. The satirical nature of the rally was a symbol of the normalization of protest on the Mall.</text>
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                <text>March for Immigration Reform </text>
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                <text>In March 2010, as Congress was finalizing the Affordable Care Act, immigrants and activists took to the National Mall to call for immigration reform. Participants urged President Obama to keep his campaign promise of comprehensive immigration reform and chanted “Yes we can,” his campaign slogan, in both English and Spanish. President Obama addressed the crowd through a recorded message and promised to continue to work with Congress to pass an immigration bill.</text>
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                <text>2000-present</text>
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                <text>Victoria Pickering. &lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/vpickering/4460640292/"&gt;View original&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>National Powwows</text>
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                <text>Cowtools via Flickr. &lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/65189390@N00/1107156681/in/photolist-2FQt7i-3173sa-33LXRz-3yPjCK-3KXgPa-4fBTQc-4fBTQP" target="_blank"&gt;View original&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>09/15/2002</text>
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                <text>The National Powwows began in September 2002. They were organized by the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/49"&gt;Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian&lt;/a&gt; in anticipation of the opening of the museum. The events were attended by thousands from the US and Canada to celebrate American Indian culture through dancing, music, food, clothing, and events. Hundreds of tribes participated in a dance competition at the powwow, where members of the tribe wore traditional clothing. Subsequent powwows were held in 2005 and 2007.</text>
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                    <text>Universal Newsreel Volume 40, Release 26, 03/28/1967 </text>
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          <name>Event Sort Date</name>
          <description>For sort purposes only. Use YYYYMMDD with no spaces. If no MM or DD, use 00. For multi-day events, use first day.</description>
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              <text>19670325</text>
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          <name>Transcription</name>
          <description>Any written text transcribed from a sound.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="23478">
              <text> A unique Kite Carnival sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution brings out some 500 kits of all sizes and shapes. The announced purpose of the event: just for everyone to have a good time. Best made, highest flying, and best performing kites were chosen by a panel of 20 expert judges. Of course, not everyone could win. There was no age limit and certain contestants lacking size made up for it with boundless energy. Everyone knows a kite’s worst enemy is a tree, and for some of the unfortunates, a kite hospital on the grounds made repairs. The First Annual Kite Carnival is a huge success, and the kite flyers exist with a rallying cry: go fly a kite!</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="22510">
                <text>First Annual Smithsonian Kite Festival </text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="22512">
                <text>The First Annual Smithsonian Kite Carnival (later referred to as the Kite Festival) took place on the National Mall on March 25, 1967. Individuals could compete in contests with homemade kites as well as ready-made ones. The festival also included kite-making workshops led by &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/269"&gt;National Air and Space Museum&lt;/a&gt; curator Paul E. Garber, a lecture series, and a special display of kites made by Garber and his wife. The event was sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution for the first 44 years and became a part of the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/480"&gt;National Cherry Blossom Festival &lt;/a&gt;in 2010.</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>1950-1979</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22713">
                <text>National Archives at College Park. &lt;a href="http://research.archives.gov/description/2051050"&gt;View original&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>3/25/1967</text>
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        <name>work &amp; play</name>
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        <src>https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/ccc44c74bcaf8daf354b5c8859d1cdf5.mov</src>
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        <element elementId="29">
          <name>Event Type</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="22507">
              <text>Cultural Gathering</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="92">
          <name>Event Sort Date</name>
          <description>For sort purposes only. Use YYYYMMDD with no spaces. If no MM or DD, use 00. For multi-day events, use first day.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="22508">
              <text>19991231</text>
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      </elementContainer>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22504">
                <text>America's Millennium Gala</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22505">
                <text>America’s Millennium Gala was the culminating event of a larger three-day project celebrating the millennium. The event was produced by Quincy Jones and George Stevens Jr., hosted by Will Smith, and premiered a film by Steven Spielberg. Festivities began at 9pm on December 31st, 1999 and continued until 1am. Leading up to midnight, the western half of the Mall, between the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/36"&gt;Washington Monument&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/33"&gt;Lincoln Memorial&lt;/a&gt;, featured a number of appearances and performances by popular musicians, as well as literary and scientific figures. The evening concluded with an extensive fireworks and lights display over the Washington Monument.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="22506">
                <text>1980-1999</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22787">
                <text>William J. Clinton Presidential Library. &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUTx2HQKIFw"&gt;View original&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="23085">
                <text>12/31/1999</text>
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    <tagContainer>
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        <name>arts &amp; culture</name>
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        <name>work &amp; play</name>
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  </item>
  <item itemId="466" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
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        <src>https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/385245fc26ab1b74d435c022ec4a6d44.jpg</src>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps.  Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="7">
          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="22502">
              <text>Photograph</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="22498">
                <text>Old and New Agriculture Buildings</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22499">
                <text>DC Public Library. &lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/dcplcommons/3360758266/"&gt;View original&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22500">
                <text>1868 (old building completed)</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="22885">
                <text>1930 (old building demolished, new building completed)</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22501">
                <text>1920-1949</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22520">
                <text>The &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/291"&gt;Department of Agriculture's first building&lt;/a&gt; on the Mall was completed in 1868, but by the 1890s, the Department was outgrowing its building. In 1901, as part of the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/350"&gt;McMillan Plan&lt;/a&gt; to redesign the National Mall, Congress approved a new office building for the Department, to be built directly behind the first, with the intention that the newer building would replace the original. This photo from the late 1920s shows the old (on the left) and the new (on the right) buildings, with the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/52"&gt;Smithsonian Castle&lt;/a&gt; visible between the two. The old building was demolished in 1930.</text>
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    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="17">
        <name>design &amp; monuments</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="14">
        <name>ghost mall</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="12">
        <name>work &amp; play</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="465" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
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        <src>https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/97a03caf9878cfb21f89a2519469b6df.jpg</src>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="14">
      <name>Place</name>
      <description>Important spaces on the mall (See the "Places" writeboard in basecamp.)</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="87">
          <name>Type</name>
          <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="22495">
              <text>Museums</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="22496">
              <text>Ghost Sites</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="86">
          <name>Physical Description</name>
          <description>Text describing the appearance of the place and its situation on the Mall.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="22862">
              <text>A series of buildings in the South Yard of the Smithsonian Castle, surrounded by a fence. </text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22491">
                <text>Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22492">
                <text>Smithsonian Institution Archives. &lt;a href="http://siris-sihistory.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&amp;amp;profile=all&amp;amp;source=~!sichronology&amp;amp;uri=full=3100001~!10251~!0#focus"&gt;View original&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22493">
                <text>1899</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22494">
                <text>1890-1919</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22497">
                <text>This observatory was established in March 1890 and was one of the first to practice astrophysics. It was housed in buildings in the South Yard of the Smithsonian Institution Building's grounds. Early research conducted on the site focused on solar radiation. In the 1950s, the &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/52"&gt;Smithsonian Institution&lt;/a&gt; created a partnership with Harvard University and the Astrophysical Observatory headquarters moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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        <name>design &amp; monuments</name>
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      <tag tagId="14">
        <name>ghost mall</name>
      </tag>
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  <item itemId="464" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
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        <src>https://www.mallhistory.org/files/original/46e7a13cb02702985ec225b38dc9b732.jpg</src>
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      <name>Document</name>
      <description>A resource containing textual data.  Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="7">
          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="22482">
              <text>letter</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="1">
          <name>Text</name>
          <description>Any textual data included in the document.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="22483">
              <text>Your letter of the 21st came to my hands on thursday afternoon. By the Post of next morning I was unable to answer it; and this is the first opportunity that has offered since by wch it cd be done. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It would have been better, &amp;amp; given me more satisfaction, if you had made your Appeal to the Commissioners; to whom all matters respecting the Federal district and City are now committed; but as you have made it to me, I must furnish you with my opinion; &amp;amp; reasons for it. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First then, permit me to regret, and I do it sincerely, that the dispute between the public &amp;amp; yourself is brought to the point, at which it now stands. But what practicable relief remains for you? I see none. You say yourself, if the House is a nuisance you agree to its being pulled down. a simple fact decides the question upon your own principles—viz.—is the whole, or part of it in the Street? If the answer is in the affirmative, it is unquestionably a nuisance. 1st, because the Street is injured by it; 2dly, because the regulations are infringed; and 3dly, which indeed may be considered as the primary reason, because the original compact is violated. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You add, that other Houses have fallen in the Streets and are suffered to remain: but does it follow from hence that they are to continue in the Streets? and is there not a wide difference between a House built—&amp;amp; a house building? the first has already incurred all the expence that is necessary to make it habitable; therefore the public will have no more, perhaps not so much, to pay for it 3, 5, or 7 years hence as now; and the possessor may enjoy the benefit of it in the interim: but would that be the case with a House not covered in, &amp;amp; which, to make it habitable, will require a considerable additional expence? who is to bear this expence when the removal (for a house never will be suffered to obstruct a street &amp;amp; a principal street too) takes place? Would you not complain more 5, or even 7 years hence at being obliged to pull down your new building after having incurred (at your own expence) a large additional sum in the completion, than to do it now when the Walls only are up? The answer in my opinion is plain; but, in the present state of the building—under the existing circumstances, as there appears to have been some misconception between Majr L’Enfant &amp;amp; you in this business; I am inclined, in behalf of the public, to offer you the choice of two alternatives: first, to arrest and pull down the building in its present state, and raise it to the same height next spring—if it is your desire—agreeably to the regulations wch have been established without any expence to you; or, 2dly to permit you to finish it at your own cost, and occupy it 6 years from the present date; at which period it must be removed, with no other allowance from the public than a valuation for the Walls in the present state of them. I am Sir, Yr Most Hble Servt</text>
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        </element>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22477">
                <text>George Washington to Daniel Carroll of Duddington</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22478">
                <text>In 1791, Daniel Carroll of Duddington, a District resident, was in the middle of an argument with &lt;a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/82"&gt;Pierre Charles L'Enfant&lt;/a&gt;, city planner for the new capital. Carroll had built a house where L'Enfant wanted a road, but Carroll was reluctant to have it torn down. Washington wrote to convince Carroll to move the house, at federal expense. What Washington did not know was that L'Enfant had already torn down Carroll's house a few days before.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="22479">
                <text>George Washington</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>11/28/1791</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="22481">
                <text>Pre-1800s</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="22485">
                <text>George Washington Papers, American Memory, Library of Congress. &lt;a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw4&amp;amp;fileName=gwpage101.db&amp;amp;recNum=327"&gt;View original&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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          </element>
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      <tag tagId="6">
        <name>building the mall</name>
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      <tag tagId="17">
        <name>design &amp; monuments</name>
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  </item>
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